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Publication Date
17 April 2020

Impacts of Ice-Shelf Melting on Water Mass Transformation in the Southern Ocean from E3SM Simulations

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Science

We explore the potential impacts of explicitly resolved ice-shelf melt fluxes on Southern Ocean sea-ice and ocean processes. To do that, we use E3SM’s novel capability of simulating heat and freshwater exchange within ice-shelf cavities to compare simulations with and without ice-shelf melt fluxes. We applied new water mass transformation analysis tools to characterize thermodynamic processes related to sea-ice formation and melting and Southern Ocean overturning in E3SM.

Impact

Ice-shelf melt fluxes lead to stronger upper ocean stratification, trapping warm intermediate ocean waters at depth. They also lead to increased Antarctic sea-ice, similar to recently observed trends, and implying an increased role of sea-ice in Southern Ocean overturning circulation. This work demonstrates the usefulness of E3SM for investigating feedbacks between Antarctic ice-shelf melting, sea-ice formation and melting, and Southern Ocean overturning and circulation.

Summary

The Southern Ocean overturning circulation is driven by winds, heat fluxes, and freshwater sources. Among these sources of freshwater, Antarctic sea-ice formation and melting play the dominant role. Even though ice-shelf melt is relatively small in magnitude, it is located close to regions of convection, where it may influence dense water formation. Here, we explore the impacts of ice-shelf melting on Southern Ocean water mass transformation (WMT) using simulations from the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) both with and without the explicit representation of melt fluxes from beneath Antarctic ice shelves. We find that ice-shelf melting enhances transformation of Upper Circumpolar Deep Water (UCDW), converting it to lower density values. While the overall differences in Southern Ocean WMT between the two simulations are moderate, freshwater fluxes produced by ice-shelf melting have a further, indirect impact on the Southern Ocean overturning circulation through their interaction with sea-ice formation and melting, which also cause considerable upwelling. We further find that surface freshening and cooling by ice-shelf melting causes increased Antarctic sea-ice production and stronger density stratification near the Antarctic coast. In addition, ice-shelf melting causes decreasing air temperature, which may be directly related to sea-ice expansion. The increased stratification reduces vertical heat transport from the deeper ocean. Although the addition of ice-shelf melting processes leads to no significant changes in Southern Ocean WMT, the simulations, and analysis conducted here point to a relationship between increased Antarctic ice-shelf melting and the increased role of sea ice in the Southern Ocean overturning.

Point of Contact
Xylar Asay-Davis
Institution(s)
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL)
Funding Program Area(s)
Publication